Companies company reviews available
7HZ
Founded in China in 2012, 7HZ is an emerging company that revolutionized the planar magnetic IEM market. The massive success of the Timeless demonstrated the potential of planar IEMs in the 220USD price bracket to the world. While technically utilizing existing planar drivers with limited proprietary design, they maintain some competitiveness in price-to-performance. However, with equivalent-performance Chinese IEMs available at similar prices, their absolute advantage remains limited.
AKG
An Austrian audio equipment manufacturer founded in 1947. Leading the industry for many years with professional microphones and headphones, their reliability especially in studio monitoring applications is outstanding. Currently under Samsung, their technical legacy continues to be inherited in many products. Classic models like the K240 and K702 continue to be beloved in many music production settings today.
ATC
Professional audio manufacturer from the UK founded in 1974. Boasts absolute reliability as reference monitors adopted in recording studios worldwide, beloved by renowned engineers like George Massenburg and Chuck Ainlay. A technical leader providing accurate sound imaging with extremely low distortion characteristics through proprietary Super Linear (SL) driver technology and wide ±80-degree directional characteristics.
Accuphase
Founded in 1972, this Japanese high-end audio manufacturer represents the pinnacle of audio excellence. Under the founding philosophy of 'pursuing the essence of sound and contributing to people's spiritual richness through scientific technology,' they have been manufacturing the highest quality audio equipment for over 50 years. Renowned for crystal-clear sound beauty, but with extremely high prices. Their reliability with lifelong after-sales service is unmatched in the industry.
Acoustic Revive
An audio accessory specialist manufacturer with devoted fans, based on unique material development and theories. Features include PC-Triple C conductors and natural mineral adoption - approaches unavailable elsewhere. However, scientific and objective evidence supporting their effects is sparse, with claims like 'Schumann resonance' and 'negative potential' being evaluable as irrational. Products are extremely expensive, with cost-performance virtually non-existent compared to standard industrial products or DIY items claiming equivalent functions. Purchase is limited to users who can empathize with their unique worldview and design philosophy.
Adam Audio
Berlin-based studio monitor specialist leveraging proprietary ART ribbon tweeter technology to achieve 4x the air movement of conventional piston speakers, delivering high SPL with ultra-low distortion. Their product lineup spans from professional studio environments to compact home studios with the D3V, serving diverse needs across the audio production spectrum.
Aful
Chinese IEM specialist manufacturer founded in 2018. Named after the Chinese word for 'prosperity', showing rapid growth with high-quality in-ear monitors like the Performer8. Features patented RLC frequency division correction technology as core development focus. Released multiple acclaimed products in 2024, earning recognition as new Chi-Fi brand leader. However, being recently established, long-term reliability remains unknown.
Anthem
A Canadian technical group that scientifically solves 'room acoustic problems.' With the world's highest-level room correction technology 'ARC' at its core, it draws out the true performance of speakers. An extremely rational brand that enjoys absolute trust in the AV amplifier field.
Apple
The world's largest technology company made a full-scale entry into the audio market, with AirPods quickly becoming the world's best-selling headphone brand. With advanced integration via proprietary H1/H2 chips and innovative features like spatial audio, their products offer exceptional convenience but fall short of dedicated audio manufacturers in pure sound quality performance at similar price points, resulting in poor cost-performance. Ideal for users prioritizing ecosystem convenience, but not recommended for those focused on audio quality.
Arcam
UK powerhouse balancing practicality and performance. Incorporating proprietary Class G amplifier technology and advanced room correction like Dirac Live into realistically priced products. Provides high value to audiophiles.
Astell&Kern
Korean pioneer in high-resolution portable audio. Since its founding in 2012, it has led technological innovation in portable players with DSD native playback and balanced output. Their product lineup featuring beautiful aluminum-machined chassis and latest DAC chips satisfies both sound quality and ownership desires. However, compared to Chinese products with equivalent sound quality, prices are 2-5 times higher, making the evaluation of design and brand value the deciding factor in selection.
Audeze
An American planar magnetic headphone specialist founded in 2008. Acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2023, it became part of PlayStation's technological ecosystem. The LCD series achieves both low distortion and high resolution through excellent planar magnetic driver technology. Highly regarded especially for mixing and mastering applications, it is widely adopted in music production settings. While prices are high, the sound quality has a unique appeal that cannot be obtained with other methods.
Audio Note (UK)
A British luxury audio brand with strong devotion to vacuum tubes and silver wire. Adheres to a unique philosophy that prioritizes subjective musicality over measured values, resulting in extremely expensive products with remarkably low cost-performance from modern technical standards. Can be considered products for passionate fans who deeply resonate with their unique acoustic philosophy.
Audio Precision
The absolute global standard in audio measurement. Without Audio Precision's audio analyzers, modern high-performance audio products would not exist. Audio Precision (AP) provides the very 'yardstick' that defines and validates audio performance through objective numerical data, fundamentally supporting the quality of the entire audio industry.
Audio-Technica
Japanese audio equipment manufacturer founded in 1962. Built worldwide reputation in professional microphones and turntables, recently earning high acclaim in headphones and earphones. Beloved by users from beginners to professionals for technical reliability and excellent cost-performance. The ATH-M50x in particular has established a firm position as a standard monitor headphone used in studios worldwide.
AudioQuest
American cable specialist founded in 1980. Develops high-end cables using proprietary technologies like silver wire, single-crystal copper, and DBS (Dielectric Bias System). While some products show measurable electrical characteristic improvements, audible changes are often not scientifically proven. With products reaching tens of thousands of dollars per meter, cost-performance is not recommendable. However, high-quality construction and beautiful finishes provide satisfaction as system components.
AudioVero e.K.
A German-based company specializing in audio software. Its flagship product, Acourate, is highly acclaimed as a professional room correction software featuring proprietary ICPA technology. Its technical capabilities are top-class in the industry, and its price is reasonable compared to competing products. It requires specialized knowledge but is a worthwhile investment for users seeking the best in acoustic correction.
Aurender
Aurender is a Korean company developing high-end music servers based on the philosophy of 'eliminating computers from audio.' While their noise-reduction hardware design is technically commendable, the sonic superiority claims lack scientific foundation, and prices reach tens of times that of equivalent-function generic solutions. Their comprehensive remote support is appreciated, but cost-performance is extremely poor, making these products suited for users prioritizing brand prestige and ownership satisfaction over rational considerations.
BLON
A Chinese Chi-Fi brand that shocked the industry with the BL-03. Despite its incredibly low price of USD 20, the 10mm dynamic driver with carbon nanotube diaphragm delivers natural sound and deep sub-bass that competes with products costing twice as much. While fit can be challenging, proper ear tip selection resolves this issue. A revolutionary presence that established new cost-performance standards.
Benchmark
Founded in 1985 in Syracuse, New York, this American audio equipment manufacturer is operated by a hybrid team of musicians, audiophiles, and professional audio engineers. Pursuing measurement-grade ultra-low distortion and noise performance, they established new 'reference' standards with products like the DAC3 series and AHB2 power amplifier, achieving overwhelming cost-performance at 1/16th the price of dCS while earning Stereophile's Digital Component of the Year finalist status.
Beyerdynamic
A veteran German audio equipment manufacturer founded by Eugen Beyer in Berlin in 1924. As a company that embodies the quality and reliability of 'Made in Germany,' it is widely supported by professionals and audiophiles alike. The DT 770/880/990 series in particular has been loved for over 40 years as a long-selling model. The combination of innovative driver design using proprietary 'Tesla technology' with magnetic flux density exceeding 1 Tesla, and the craftsman spirit that continues to insist on manual assembly, creates unique acoustic characteristics that cannot be imitated by other companies.
Bluesound
A Canadian network audio specialist centered on the highly regarded multiroom audio platform 'BluOS,' known for stability and ease of use. While products demonstrate excellent measured performance and reliability, harsh evaluation from a cost-performance perspective due to the emergence of competitively priced alternatives with equal or superior performance. A premium choice for users prioritizing ecosystem value above all else.
Bose
American audio equipment manufacturer pioneering noise cancellation technology, specializing in the pursuit of comfortable music experiences. Following the distinctive philosophy of 'emphasizing actual listening experience over measurements,' they continue to be loved by many users. Their product development emphasizes practicality and ease of use over technological innovation, earning tremendous support particularly from travelers and business professionals.
Bowers & Wilkins
Premium British speaker manufacturer founded in 1966. Operates across professional applications from cinemas to recording studios, as well as high-end audiophile products. The diamond tweeters of the 800 series are an iconic industry symbol. Recently expanded into wireless headphones and smart speakers, maintaining its traditional audio brand status while adapting to modern lifestyle needs.
Brüel & Kjær
World-renowned authority in acoustic and vibration measurement technology, established in Denmark in 1942. Their measurement microphones and analyzers are used as industry standards in research institutions and manufacturers worldwide. They continue to provide an 'unwavering measuring stick' for pursuing scientific truth, serving as a giant supporting the foundation of acoustic technology.
Cambridge Audio
A British audio manufacturer established in 1968, known for cost-effective product development and supported by a wide range of users from beginners to intermediates. With comprehensive product lineups including amplifiers, DACs, and streaming equipment, they achieve excellent measurement performance in their price range. However, pure performance comparisons reveal more affordable alternatives, making absolute cost-performance less impressive. Products designed for users who evaluate high-end audio entry machines including brand and design considerations.
Campfire Audio
Boutique IEM manufacturer based in Portland, America, founded in 2015. Split from ALO Audio led by Ken Ball, achieving high acclaim through hand assembly and unique acoustic tuning. Flagship models like Andromeda and Solaris are expensive at USD 1,000-1,800 but have passionate fans for their musical appeal and distinctive sound. Their approach emphasizing listening-based adjustments over measurement data and differentiation through physical acoustic design is unique. However, from a cost-performance perspective, competitiveness with other companies presents challenges.
Canton
Germany's largest speaker manufacturer, established in 1972, with over 50 years of heritage. Their Reference Series features cutting-edge Black Ceramic (BC) technology drivers developed in-house. The company maintains strict quality standards through their manufacturing facilities in Weilrod, Germany, and the Czech Republic, staying true to their commitment to German engineering excellence.
Cardas Audio
American veteran cable manufacturer that centers design around 'golden ratio' and 'litz structure.' Pursues natural, musical sound based on unique philosophy. While earning high trust through quality and lifetime warranty, products are expensive with design philosophy heavily reflecting proprietary concepts rather than scientific foundation.
Cayin
Chinese audio manufacturer established in 1993. Leveraging experience in vacuum tube amplifier development, they have established a presence in the portable audio market. While ambitious products like their proprietary discrete DAC are noteworthy, many products including vacuum tube models do not prioritize fidelity to master sources, creating a divisive design philosophy. In terms of pure performance-to-price ratio, they face challenging competition against modern high-performance devices.
Chord Electronics
Founded in 1989, this British high-end audio manufacturer is renowned for its proprietary FPGA-based digital signal processing technology, particularly developing innovative products in the DAC field. Through the expertise of founder John Franks and Robert Watts, they achieve advanced digital processing that sets them apart from conventional DACs. While valued for technical uniqueness and high measurement performance, cost-performance is extremely poor, making them overpriced in pure performance-to-price terms.
Clearaudio
As a German precision machinery manufacturer, they develop product lines specialized in analog record reproduction as physical media. Their manufacturing quality reaches the level of craftsmanship, but in terms of the scientific indicator of 'fidelity to master source' - the absolute purpose of audio reproduction - they fall far short of modern standard digital reproduction technology. The extreme disconnect between their high pricing and performance means they cannot be considered a rational choice for high-fidelity reproduction, existing entirely within the realm of hobby and preference.
Dan Clark Audio
US planar magnetic headphone specialist founded in 2012. Achieves industry-leading low distortion characteristics through proprietary V-planar technology and AMTS. While technologically innovative with high performance in its price class, competing products with similar performance exist at lower prices, making absolute cost-performance less than optimal.
DeVore Fidelity
Established in 2000, this American luxury audio manufacturer continues to handcraft speakers in Brooklyn. Their design based on founder John DeVore's musical sensibilities receives high praise particularly when paired with tube amplifiers. While technical perfection is high and reliability excellent, prices are extremely high, and pure measured performance alone may be inferior to competing products in the same price range. They are an attractive choice for users who value love of music.
Denon
A venerable Japanese audio manufacturer founded in 1910. Commands the world's largest share in the AV receiver market, providing excellent measured performance and rich functionality at reasonable prices. Despite ownership changes—acquired by Masimo in 2022 and sold to Harman (Samsung subsidiary) in 2025—product quality and innovation remain intact. Particularly noteworthy is their achievement of excellent THD rates of 0.05-0.08% even in entry-level models.
Diatone
A legendary speaker brand that was the pride of Mitsubishi Electric. Made famous with the NHK monitor speaker P-610, they built an era with the DS series utilizing advanced materials like boron and aramid. While their technical prowess is still spoken of today, after withdrawing from the consumer market in 1999, they now remain limited to high-end car audio and limited ultra-luxury speaker production. Their past glory was immense, but current limited activities and ultra-high price strategy complicate their evaluation.
Dirac
Swedish acoustic technology company originating from Uppsala University. World leader in Digital Room Correction (DRC) technology that measures room acoustics and speaker characteristics to correct them toward ideal acoustics. Through advanced impulse response correction based on scientific evidence, they eliminate not only frequency response issues but also time-domain distortions. Adopted across professional venues, high-end audio, and car audio. While their effects are tremendous, maximizing performance requires considerable cost and learning commitment.
Dr. Feickert Analogue
German precision engineering manufacturer specializing in analog turntables and related measurement instruments. Their technology serves merely to marginally improve the fundamental performance limitations of analog, an inherently inferior reproduction method. When measured against the absolute standard of master source fidelity, their products fall short of even affordable digital equipment across all performance metrics, making their value proposition extremely limited and cost-performance essentially non-existent.
Dynaudio
Danish speaker manufacturer founded in 1977. Known for proprietary driver development and strict quality control, adopted as standard equipment in many professional studios. Offers wide product range from home to professional use, particularly acclaimed for beautiful mid-high frequency reproduction and natural acoustic characteristics. While technically advanced, pure performance-to-price ratio is expensive.
ELAC
A veteran German audio equipment manufacturer established in 1926. Known as an innovator in acoustic technology from its founding, particularly as a worldwide pioneer in the development of concentric (coaxial) drivers. In recent years, with the participation of renowned speaker designer Andrew Jones, they have developed a product lineup with excellent cost-performance. One of the few manufacturers that successfully balances technical advancement with accessible pricing.
Eclipse
The pride of DENSO TEN, born from 'Time Domain' theory. The amazingly accurate sound imaging and time-axis representation from an egg-shaped enclosure and single driver is unique. Their ability to vividly reproduce music groove and performance nuances is remarkable, but they also have physical constraints of narrow reproduction bandwidth and low efficiency. Their pursuit of scientific ideals is commendable, but cost-performance is extremely low due to high prices. This is a brand for enthusiastic fans who can understand specific values.
Esoteric
A brand that symbolizes Japanese high-end audio, but its evaluation is polarized. While physical construction and reliability are industry-leading, core technologies like the VRDS mechanism have not been scientifically proven to contribute to fidelity improvements in the face of modern digital technology. As a result, objective measurement performance does not match the price, and cost-performance is particularly catastrophic. These products are better suited for users who value craftsmanship and brand storytelling over performance.
Etymotic Research
Acoustic engineering research company established in 1983 by audiologist Dr. Mead Killion in Illinois. True to the name Etymotic meaning 'true to the ear,' the company is dedicated to hearing protection and accurate acoustic reproduction, developing the world's first noise-isolating high-fidelity earphone ER-4. Currently providing reference-grade sound quality with the ER2-ER4 series, while their ER20 series hearing protection earplugs have become the standard in the music industry. With excellent 35-42dB isolation and analytical, flat acoustic characteristics, they have earned absolute trust from professionals.
FiiO
Chinese portable audio equipment manufacturer founded in 2007. Rapidly grown by providing high-performance products at affordable prices, centering on DACs, headphone amplifiers, and portable players. Products like K3, E10K, and BTR5 have achieved high sound quality previously only available in expensive price ranges at significantly lower costs, contributing to the democratization of portable audio. While there are challenges in quality control, they lead the industry in technological innovation and cost-performance.
Final Audio
A Japanese veteran audio manufacturer founded in 1974. Starting with cartridges, amplifiers, and speakers, they are now globally acclaimed for high-end headphones and IEMs. Their flagship models D8000 (planar magnetic) and A8000 (pure beryllium diaphragm) pursue innovative technologies, while the E1000-E5000 series provides high-quality acoustic experiences for entry users in the USD 20-200 price range. Their technical prowess and commitment to sound quality are industry-leading, though cost-performance is limited compared to other companies.
Focal
French high-end audio equipment manufacturer founded in 1979. With proprietary beryllium diaphragm technology and W-Sandwich technology, they serve markets from professional to high-end audiophile. Recently entered the headphone market with their acclaimed Utopia series. Consistently manufacturing in Saint-Étienne, France, they continue to deliver "Made in France" quality worldwide.
Fostex
Established in 1973, this Japanese veteran audio brand started as a subsidiary of Foster Electric Co., Ltd., one of the world's largest OEM speaker manufacturers. They handle a wide range of products from professional monitor speakers to planar magnetic headphones and speaker units. Their technology is solid and reliability is high, particularly established as a standard in professional markets, though they have somewhat lost presence in the consumer market in recent years. Cost-performance is favorable.
Genelec
Founded in 1978, this Finnish studio monitor specialist has established itself as the global standard in professional recording studios through proprietary waveguide technology and rigorous quality control. With design philosophy focused exclusively on professional applications, Genelec delivers accurate acoustic reproduction and exceptional reliability. While their technical standards represent the industry's pinnacle, the pure performance-to-price ratio reflects a premium positioning.
Grado
An American family-run headphone manufacturer founded in 1953. The open-back headphones handcrafted by artisans in a small Brooklyn factory continue to be loved by audiophiles worldwide for their unique sound quality that richly expresses musical emotion. Their traditional manufacturing methods that don't rely on mass production and their unchanging sound philosophy since founding have become a rare presence in the modern audio industry.
Harbeth
Founded in 1977 by BBC Research Department's Dudley Harwood and led by Alan Shaw since 1986, this British heritage speaker manufacturer pursues natural sound through thin-wall cabinet technology inheriting BBC monitor DNA and proprietary RADIAL2 driver technology. From P3ESR XD (USD 3,635) to Monitor 40.5 (exceeding USD 6,670), this prestigious British audio company enjoys broad support from professionals to audiophiles for natural sound reproduction.
HiFiMAN
A Chinese planar magnetic headphone specialist founded in 2007. Through founder Fang Bian's technological innovation, they expanded planar magnetic headphones, previously limited to high-price ranges, across a wide price spectrum. Products like Sundara, Ananda, and Aromatica have succeeded in providing planar magnetic sound characteristics at accessible prices. While there are quality control challenges, they are an industry leader in technological innovation and price disruption.
IK Multimedia
Italian audio software and hardware company founded in 1996. Globally recognized for music production software including AmpliTube, T-RackS, and SampleTank. Recent expansion into hardware with TONEX, ARC Studio, and iLoud series provides comprehensive solutions covering the entire music production workflow. While demonstrating high technical capabilities and practical usability in software, hardware products face cost-performance challenges requiring careful consideration.
JBL
American audio veteran established in 1946, maintaining a solid position in professional audio. Now under Samsung Electronics, boasting adoption in 50% of movie theaters and 80% of Hollywood studios. Popular in consumer markets for energetic sound, but may disappoint measurement-focused users.
Juice Hifi
A niche Norwegian company developing the digital acoustic correction software 'Audiolense' since 2007. Founder Bernt Rønningsbakk, an engineer with a Ph.D., has achieved industry-leading results in true time-domain correction technology using FIR filters. The high-end version, which includes a digital crossover, offers excellent cost-performance compared to competing products with similar features.
KEF
Innovative British speaker manufacturer founded in 1961. Revolutionized the audio industry with proprietary Uni-Q coaxial driver technology and continues technological innovation to this day. From developing BBC monitor LS3/5A to the latest Meta technology, they consistently lead the frontiers of acoustic engineering. Despite being under Hong Kong's GP Acoustics, they maintain their UK design and R&D structure, providing world-class acoustic technology.
KZ
Pioneer of the Chi-Fi brand established in 2012. Dominated the entry to mid-class market with multi-driver configurations and overwhelming cost-performance. Boasts annual shipments of millions of units, with the KZ ZST reportedly achieving the record of 'selling one unit every 2 minutes.' Expanding a wide lineup from professional specifications to general consumers, they stand as a symbol of the Chinese product quality revolution, earning high acclaim.
Kimber Kable
Founded in 1979, this legendary American cable brand is known for its distinctive braided construction. While their unique geometric design for electromagnetic noise reduction has technical merit, their claimed sonic improvements lack scientific validation and remain contentious. Products are extremely expensive, and when compared to professional cables with equivalent electrical performance, cost-performance is markedly poor.
Kiwi Ears
A Chinese emerging IEM manufacturer owned by Linsoul Audio, established as a brand by an unnamed acoustic engineer. Known for high-quality handcrafted assembly and dual quality inspection systems, the Orchestra Lite (249USD) demonstrates excellent performance with an 8BA configuration, establishing itself as a benchmark in the 249USD price bracket. Direct competitors in the same price range are limited, with reviewers evaluating that it has set new standards in this price segment. This company is suitable for users who prioritize quality and attention to detail over technological innovation.
Klipsch
American audio veteran established in 1946, pioneering horn technology with a unique approach. Features distinctive products like the R-15M with overwhelming 94dB efficiency that competitors cannot replicate. Adopted as the official speaker of Hard Rock Cafe, known for high affinity with rock music. Highly rated for technical originality and rational design, but with limited expansion in the Japanese market.
Krell
Founded in 1980, a legendary American high-end amplifier manufacturer. Creator Dan D'Agostino's Sustained Plateau Biasing technology and Class A high-power designs produced legendary amplifiers like the KSA-250 and FPB-350MC. Measurement data was phenomenal, with THD under 0.01% and 1Ω load driving capability representing the pinnacle of technical achievement. However, following the founder's ouster in 2009 and the death of co-founder wife in 2024, the company ceased operations. Products remain highly valued in the used market.
Linn
Championing 'Source First' for over 50 years, this UK legend has technically led the audio industry. From the legendary LP12 to cutting-edge network audio, their products consistently deliver rational and high-standard performance. However, their exceptional technology and quality are reflected in extremely high pricing, making cost-performance evaluation necessarily harsh.
Lumin
Hong Kong-based network streamer specialist brand. Claims proprietary digital volume control 'Leedh Processing' as evidence of sonic superiority, but lacks objective evidence for these claims. Shows a tendency to prioritize marketing over scientific validity, with extremely high pricing relative to functionality, making recommendation difficult.
Luxman
A century-old Japanese audio manufacturer established in 1925. While maintaining a solid position in the luxury amplifier market with technically accomplished products like the L-509X and L-595A Special Edition, the company struggles with cost-performance due to equivalent products available at 1/12th to 1/50th the price. The brand tends to rely on subjective 'sound quality' arguments rather than scientific evaluation, though build quality and reliability remain exemplary.
MIT Cables
American high-end cable manufacturer known for 'Network Boxes.' Features innovative technology based on transmission line theory to correct impedance for each frequency, but scientific foundation for its effects is thin in audio bands. Extremely expensive, resulting in harsh evaluation from cost-performance perspective.
MSB Technology
A group of engineers based in Silicon Valley pursuing the ultimate in digital reproduction. For over 20 years, they have continued in-house development of their discrete ladder DAC, challenging the limits of measured performance. Their products are designed with a modular structure that allows for upgrades, ensuring long-term value. However, their pursuit of technological ideals comes at an uncompromising price, with equivalent or superior measured performance available at 1/40th the cost, resulting in zero cost-performance rating. This brand embodies the pinnacle of engineering and its corresponding price.
Magico
A high-end speaker manufacturer founded by Alon Wolf in California in 2004. Entry-level A1 starts at USD 6,500, while flagship M9 approaches USD 700,000. Known for aircraft-grade aluminum cabinets and rigorous engineering, with industry-leading quality control using Klippel analyzers. Excellent measured performance, but prices are correspondingly high. An 'engineering-focused high-end' brand supported by technical prowess and brand strength.
Magnepan
An American pioneer that has been innovating planar magnetic speakers in Minnesota for 55 years since its founding in 1969. The Magneplanar technology developed by founder Jim Winey in his basement realizes the openness and spatial reproduction that cannot be achieved with box speakers. Recent introduction of Quasi-ribbon technology has achieved even lower distortion rates. However, when compared purely by acoustic measurement performance, they are approximately 10 times more expensive than conventional speakers with equivalent performance, making cost-performance limited.
Marantz
A premium audio brand founded in 1953, renowned for its proprietary HDAM technology and 'warm, musical sound.' Under Harman ownership alongside Denon, Marantz focuses on luxury-oriented products with excellent measured performance. However, equivalent or superior performance exists at significantly lower prices from manufacturers like Topping, resulting in extremely poor cost-performance.
Mark Levinson
An iconic American high-end audio brand founded in 1972. Built on the technical legacy of founder Mark Levinson with distinctive black anodized chassis design, it has reigned as the pinnacle of premium amplifiers for over 50 years. Acquired by Harman International in 1990 and now operating under Samsung, it continues to inherit the highest engineering standards and commitment to sound quality. The 2025 release of the new 600 series with Tectonic industrial design demonstrates the fusion of innovative technology and traditional quality. Through an exclusive contract with Lexus, it has expanded its reputation in automotive audio, solidifying its position in the high-end audio industry.
Martin Logan
Founded in 1983, this Kansas-based American electrostatic speaker specialist employs proprietary ESL technology that places ultra-thin, ultra-light film between electrodes and vibrates it with high voltage. This technology achieves transparency and three-dimensional soundstage reproduction that is difficult for conventional dynamic speakers to realize. The concert hall second-floor-like soundstage and extremely delicate, elegant sound quality demonstrate unparalleled appeal, particularly in string and vocal reproduction.
McIntosh
Founded in 1949, this American luxury audio amplifier manufacturer is known for its iconic design featuring blue meters and black glass front panels, along with extensive amplifier technology from tubes to transistors. While possessing Autoformer technology and proprietary output circuit designs, equivalent or superior performance products exist at 1/20th the price or less, resulting in minimum cost-performance rating per review policy. A brand for users who prioritize brand value and design.
Meridian
Pioneer of digital audio. Using DSP technology in active speakers, they established an approach to scientifically control audio reproduction. While building extremely rational and high-performance systems, prices are very high with low cost-performance.
Michell Engineering
A prominent British audio manufacturer known for sophisticated mechanical engineering and iconic design. However, their technology specializes in compensating for the shortcomings of analog records - a medium with physically low performance limitations. Based on the absolute evaluation criterion of fidelity to master sources, their performance falls far short of modern standard digital reproduction, with markedly low cost-performance. Their products are limited to users seeking not performance, but hobbyist processes and mechanical craftsmanship value.
Monitor Audio
A veteran British speaker manufacturer established in 1972. With over 45 years of design experience, they cover a wide range of price points through their Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum series. They have a reputation for proprietary technology development centered on C-CAM (Ceramic-Coated Aluminum Magnesium) technology, with particularly strong competitiveness in the mid-price range. However, publication of measurement data is limited, and cost-performance can be inferior compared to other manufacturers' products in the same price range.
Moondrop
Founded in 2015 and based in Chengdu, China, this audio manufacturer represents 'Chi-Fi' (Chinese Hi-Fi) excellence, providing high-quality IEMs at low prices through scientific approaches based on the Harman curve. Products like Aria, Starfield, and Blessing have earned worldwide acclaim, achieving overwhelming cost-performance that overturns traditional pricing conventions. With development systems utilizing cutting-edge measurement equipment like Audio Precision APx555, they've gained broad support from audiophiles to entry-level users.
Musical Fidelity
Prestigious British amplifier manufacturer founded in 1982. From founder Anthony Michaelson's first handcrafted product on his kitchen table to the 100,000-unit shipment of the A1 and revolutionary NuVista vacuum tube technology, the company has carved its name in the industry. Acquired by Austria's Audio Tuning in 2018, but maintains the British tradition of 'natural and authentic sound.' Currently offers a comprehensive lineup from entry to flagship models, led by the A1 reissue that won Stereophile's 2024 Budget Component Award.
NAD
Canadian audio equipment manufacturer founded in 1972. Latest streaming integrated amplifiers like the Masters M33 achieve exceptional measured performance with THD<0.00017% through Purifi Eigentakt technology. However, in terms of pricing, equivalent functionality can be realized with PC-based DAC solutions (RME ADI-2 + miniDSP SHD, etc.) at less than half the cost, making cost-performance limited even considering integrated convenience.
Naim
A British veteran pursuing musical 'enjoyment.' Their unique PRaT philosophy lacks scientific basis but attracts passionate fans with dynamism-focused sound. While their power supply dedication and long-term support are unparalleled, finding objective value matching high prices proves difficult.
Neumann
Founded in 1928, this legendary German acoustic equipment manufacturer established industry standards with microphones like the U87 and achieves high-precision acoustic reproduction through DSP technology in their KH series monitors. With both technical excellence and reliability at the highest levels, their monitor systems including the MA 1 automatic acoustic correction deliver exceptional cost-performance in professional environments.
Nordost
Based in Massachusetts, USA, this is a highly renowned manufacturer in the audio cable industry. Known for proprietary 'Micro Monofilament' technology and flat ribbon design. While products are meticulously manufactured, prices are extremely high. Claims of sonic improvement lack objective scientific evidence, and under our review policy's strict cost-performance evaluation, they score markedly low compared to inexpensive professional cables. Not recommended for users prioritizing scientific rationality and cost over brand prestige and subjective evaluation.
Onkyo
A veteran brand that has long led Japan's audio industry. Particularly in the AV amplifier field, they have led the market with rapid adoption of the latest formats and high cost-performance. After experiencing a major turning point with bankruptcy and business transfer in 2022, the brand continues under Premium Audio Company, which owns Klipsch and others. While their traditional acoustic technology and future development under new capital are noteworthy, the contrast between past glory and current organizational changes creates a divide in evaluation.
PMC
Professional monitor speaker specialist established in the UK in 1991. Utilizes proprietary ATL (Advanced Transmission Line) technology to achieve deep, controlled bass reproduction from compact enclosures. Adopted by major studios worldwide including BBC and Metropolis Mastering. While technically advanced, cost-performance is extremely poor as equivalent-performance products are available at significantly lower prices.
PS Audio
American high-end audio manufacturer founded in 1973. Renowned for their DirectStream series utilizing DSD upsampling technology, particularly leading the industry in DAC development. While their long-term support through firmware updates and technical innovation is commendable, their products are expensive, and equivalent performance can often be obtained at much lower prices. An attractive choice for users pursuing the latest digital audio technology.
PSB
A veteran speaker manufacturer founded in Canada in 1972. Through founder Paul Barton's design philosophy and cooperation with the National Research Council (NRC), they have built a reputation for acoustic design based on scientific evidence. The overwhelming cost-performance of the Alpha P5 is noteworthy, but compared to other companies, there are areas where they fall behind in technological innovation and brand power. While their development stance in close cooperation with Canadian acoustic research institutions is commendable, their overall competitiveness can be said to be moderate.
Paradigm
A veteran Canadian speaker manufacturer with over 40 years of experience. Their flagship Persona series adopts beryllium drivers and ARC technology, boasting high technical standards. However, they are significantly disadvantaged in pricing compared to competitors, with products of equivalent performance available at less than half the price. While quality and reliability are highly evaluated, there are aspects that depend on subjective sound quality arguments lacking scientific basis.
Pass Labs
Founded in 1991 by Nelson Pass, this American high-end amplifier manufacturer focuses on MOSFET-based Class A/AB designs pursuing simple, natural sound quality. While measurement data is good, their designs involve significant power consumption and heat generation, lacking rationality by modern standards. Cost-performance is extremely poor compared to latest high-performance Class D amplifiers. Despite high corporate reliability, the technology is largely outdated with strong obsolete aspects, making evaluation difficult from modern engineering perspectives.
Polk Audio
A venerable American speaker manufacturer founded in Baltimore in 1972. Polk Audio has maintained its founding principle of 'delivering the best speakers to more people at reasonable prices' for over 50 years, with all products still manufactured in America. Through proprietary Power Port technology and Hi-Res Audio certification, the company offers a comprehensive product lineup from entry-level to serious music reproduction.
Pro-Ject
An Austrian manufacturer specializing in analog turntables. Their product lineup significantly underperforms modern standard digital reproduction methods in objective fidelity metrics such as S/N ratio, wow and flutter, and distortion rates. Additionally, equivalent performance can be achieved by Chinese competitors at a fraction of the cost, making cost-performance extremely low. Their design philosophy lacks rationality in performance pursuit, making it difficult to find compelling reasons for selection.
Questyle
Chinese audio equipment manufacturer founded in 2012 in Shenzhen. Specializes in DACs and headphone amplifiers using patented Current Mode Amplification technology. Products like M15i and CMA15 receive recognition for performance, but face challenges in cost-performance ratio and customer support. While technically competent, advantages over similarly-priced competitors remain limited.
RME
A professional audio interface specialist established in 1996 near Munich, Germany. Through proprietary SteadyClock FS technology, they achieve ultra-precise clock synchronization at the femtosecond level, pursuing 'colorless, transparent sound.' All specifications are actual measured values, and their driver stability and sound quality meet the demanding requirements of professional environments, earning overwhelming trust from studios worldwide.
Rega
Rega is an extremely niche legacy company specialized in analog reproduction that falls far short of modern digital standards in scientific fidelity and technological advancement. Its technology refines outdated formats and is valued low from a cutting-edge technology perspective. Pure performance-to-price ratio is catastrophic, and its value depends entirely on personal taste and nostalgia.
Revel
A high-end speaker brand under Harman International that was born as a sister brand to Mark Levinson with full technical cooperation from JBL. Through their scientific measurement-based design approach, they develop products like the F228Be and F208 with textbook-excellent measurement data. Through beryllium tweeters and DCC (Deep Ceramic Composite) cone technology, they achieve both frequency response flatness and low distortion characteristics. While prices are not cheap, they have earned high evaluation through the stable support system of a large corporation and rational design philosophy.
Rotel
A Japanese veteran advocating the 'Balanced Design Concept.' While renowned for fundamentally sound design and robust construction, the rise of high-performance, low-cost Class D amplifiers has eroded their cost-performance advantages.
SIMGOT
Engaged in audio equipment development since 1996 and established the SIMGOT brand in 2015, this Chinese audio company leverages OEM supply experience and achieves reasonable standards in dynamic driver technology, though technological innovation remains limited. The EA500 demonstrates excellent performance at 79USD, but with competing products like the Moondrop Chu at 20USD and Truthear Hexa at 79USD offering equivalent or superior performance, absolute advantages are limited.
SME
SME is a British company that produces extremely sophisticated products from a mechanical engineering perspective using precision processing technology. However, their technology specializes in reproducing 'analog records' - a medium with physically low performance limitations. From the absolute evaluation axis of fidelity to master sources, the company's products are inferior to modern standard digital reproduction systems in all performance indicators. As a result, cost-performance as audio equipment is virtually nonexistent, with their value limited to the realm of highly hobbyist craftsmanship rather than performance.
SMSL
A leader in 'Chi-Fi.' Through skillful circuit techniques implementing the latest high-performance DAC chips, they achieve world-class measured performance at price-breaking costs. Their products are becoming reference standards for audiophiles who prioritize objective data. However, behind their overwhelming price-performance ratio, concerns about firmware stability and long-term support structure have been reported. A brand requiring the resolve to master a double-edged sword.
STAX
Japanese acoustic manufacturer founded in 1938. Nearly the world's only specialist in developing and manufacturing electrostatic headphones (which they call 'earspeakers'). Their unique method of driving ultra-thin diaphragms with high voltage achieves ultra-low distortion and high resolution difficult to attain with other methods. Since 2011, under the ownership of China's Edifier, they continue to preserve their unique technology with a stable management foundation. While handling requires a dedicated amplifier and isn't convenient, their unique sound continues to receive enthusiastic support from audiophiles worldwide.
Sennheiser
A German giant at the forefront of audio technology for over 75 years. Building on its absolute trust in the professional market, it has recently further strengthened its consumer business through collaboration with hearing aid giant Sonova. From traditional high-quality headphones to hearable devices that clarify conversations, its domain continues to expand. The price is by no means cheap, but for long-term use, its value is irreplaceable.
Shanling
A polarizing manufacturer where advanced products boasting exceptional measurement performance coexist with retro-oriented products using tube circuits and R2R DACs that intentionally alter sound characteristics. While demonstrating industry-leading performance with cutting-edge ΔΣ DAC-equipped models, some products diverge from the scientific principle of faithful reproduction, prioritizing subjective 'musicality' over objective fidelity. Buyers must clearly understand which design philosophy they support.
Shokz
Pioneer in bone conduction technology with over 10 years of history. Rebranded from AfterShokz in December 2021, specializing in sports and fitness-oriented bone conduction headphones. While inferior to traditional headphones in audio quality, offers unique value in safety and comfort. Technically optimized within bone conduction limitations, but pricing is higher compared to competing products.
Shunyata Research
A US-based high-end audio accessories manufacturer. Centering on power cables and power conditioners, they deploy products incorporating numerous proprietary patented technologies. While promoting adoption in professional audio and medical fields, significant questions remain regarding price settings and scientific basis of claimed effects. Products are robustly constructed with high-quality materials, but claimed sound quality improvements lack objective data, resulting in extremely poor cost-performance.
Shure
A veteran American acoustic equipment manufacturer founded in 1925. Shure has established absolute global dominance in the microphone field, with products like SM58 and SM57 reigning as industry standards. In recent years, they have gained high acclaim in the earphone and headphone field, with the SE series including SE215 beloved by audio enthusiasts worldwide. Their design philosophy emphasizing professional field reliability is consistently reflected in consumer products.
Sonus faber
An Italian high-end speaker manufacturer founded in 1983. Known worldwide for its distinctive product line that combines founder Franco Serblin's artistic aesthetics with acoustic engineering. Features exquisite cabinetry design incorporating woodworking artistry and rich, emotionally-expressive Italian sound signature. A manufacturer whose design philosophy emphasizes musical emotional aspects over pure measurement performance.
Sony
Japanese electronics manufacturer that created the history of portable music with the Walkman and continues to lead wireless earbud technology innovation. Leveraging technical expertise cultivated across fields from music production to consumer products, they boast world-class performance particularly in noise cancellation technology. Their product lineup ranges from professional monitor headphones to high-quality wireless earbuds for general consumers, meeting diverse needs.
Synergistic Research
An audio company promoting proprietary scientific theories like 'quantum tunneling' and 'UEF technology' while developing extremely high-priced cables and accessories. Most products lack clear evidence of effectiveness from mainstream scientific and engineering perspectives. While supported by users who believe in brand value and subjective sound quality evaluations, the objective performance-to-price ratio is among the lowest in the audio market. Purchase decisions test personal beliefs rather than scientific rationality.
TAD
A high-end speaker brand that consolidates Pioneer's technical expertise. Since its birth in 1978, it has applied technology cultivated in professional studio monitors to home speakers, achieving world-class acoustic performance. The product lineup, which can be called a treasure trove of proprietary technologies including beryllium diaphragms and concentric drivers, demonstrates overwhelming performance in both measurement data and listening experience. However, the pricing that exceeds USD 130,000 even for the smallest model represents the ultimate choice accessible only to limited audiophiles.
Technics
Panasonic's legendary Hi-Fi brand whose products represent engineering excellence within analog constraints and overwhelming reliability that withstands DJ abuse. However, their performance falls far short of the 'perfect performance' achieved by inexpensive digital equipment in terms of wow and flutter and S/N ratio. Consequently, cost-performance evaluation based on modern digital standards is catastrophic. This is a brand for users with clear purpose who find value in physical media experiences.
Thiel Audio
An American high-end speaker manufacturer founded in 1976. Through founder Jim Thiel's phase-coherent design philosophy, they developed unique speakers characterized by first-order crossovers and aluminum drivers. They created masterpieces like the CS2.4 and CS3.7, but after the founder's death in 2009, they went astray and went bankrupt in 2018. They have currently stopped new production. While technically excellent with rational design philosophy, they had fatal problems with corporate continuity.
Thorens
A brand that pours precision mechanical engineering into a fundamentally outdated audio format. Since analog record reproduction underperforms standard digital audio in all performance measurements, it receives extremely low evaluation from a scientific fidelity perspective. The design philosophy is irrational in pursuing high performance, and cost-performance is catastrophic. These products are for users seeking nostalgia and mechanical hobby interests rather than accurate acoustic reproduction.
Tin HiFi
Important player in the Chi-Fi brand established in 2017 in Guangdong Province. Evolved from OEM/ODM business and shocked the market with T2, then steadily advanced technology with T3 and T4. Characterized by design philosophy achieving high sound quality with simple driver configurations, particularly the T4's single 10mm dynamic driver challenges the industry's multi-driver competition.
Topping
A Chinese DAC and headphone amplifier manufacturer founded in 2008. Through a measurement-focused design philosophy, they achieve ultra-low distortion performance at astonishingly low prices—performance previously achievable only in expensive price ranges. Products like D10s, L30, and A90 deliver THD+N below 0.0001% at prices of USD 100-200, overturning audio industry conventions. While subjective sound quality evaluations vary, their objective performance-to-price ratio overwhelmingly surpasses other manufacturers.
Truthear
A Chinese IEM startup founded in 2022, gaining significant attention with measurement-based precision tuning in products like Crinacle×Zero, Hexa, and Zero:RED. Reportedly founded by ex-Moondrop engineers, the company releases low-cost, high-performance IEMs adhering to Harman target curves. The Zero:RED (USD 55) is rated as the best IEM under USD 100, achieving price-disruptive cost-performance. Despite being a newcomer, it poses a significant threat to established manufacturers.
VPI
A prestigious American analog player manufacturer known for its heavy-duty 'Made in USA' products emphasizing mass and rigidity. However, from the scientific perspective of 'fidelity to master source' - the sole criterion of this review - their technology and design philosophy are fundamentally inefficient, falling far short of the absolute performance and cost-effectiveness of modern digital technology. Their products are best characterized as specializing in hobbyist appeal and craftsmanship value.
Vandersteen Audio
A veteran American speaker manufacturer that has been in business since 1977. They maintain their commitment to time-coherent design and boast sales of over 100,000 units. Even in their latest models like the Treo CT and Model 7 XTRM, their obsession with phase accuracy that has continued since the first generation remains intact. The measurement data is excellent and they achieve high sound quality, but when compared purely by measurement performance, they are approximately 10-20 times more expensive than products with equivalent performance, making cost-performance limited.
Victor (JVC)
A veteran Japanese audio manufacturer known for their unique 'Wood Cone' speakers. While the natural acoustics produced by wooden diaphragms are highly regarded, they face challenges in modern cost-performance competition. A brand that shines in niche markets pursuing specific sounds.
Wilson Audio
Founded in 1974, this Utah-based high-end speaker manufacturer represents the pinnacle of luxury audio pricing, with entry-level models exceeding USD 10,000 and flagship systems approaching USD 1 million. Known for proprietary composite materials and time-alignment obsession, measured data reveals performance that doesn't justify the astronomical prices. A quintessential luxury audio brand that maintains premium pricing through brand prestige and craftsmanship rather than acoustic superiority.
Wireworld
A US-based premium cable manufacturer known for unique cable structures and designs. However, most of their claims lack scientific basis, and their impact on sound quality is not objectively proven. With professional-grade cables offering equivalent or superior electrical performance at a fraction of the price, cost-performance is extremely poor. Best positioned as high-end accessories for users attracted to product appearance and brand value.
YG Acoustics
Founded in 2002 by 24-year-old Yoav Geva in Denver, Colorado, this high-end speaker manufacturer is renowned for its BilletCore technology that machines 99% of aircraft-grade aluminum from massive blocks. Entry-level Tor starts at USD 15,250, while flagship Gemini exceeds USD 670,000. Since 2020, the company has established R&D facilities in Cambridge, UK, promoting optimization through computational modeling. While boasting extremely high technical capabilities and measurement performance, prices are also at the world's highest level.
Yamaha
Representative Japanese comprehensive musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer founded in 1887. Based on acoustic technologies cultivated through instrument manufacturing, they operate broadly from audio equipment to professional sound systems, leading the industry with proprietary sound field technologies. While performance and reliability are high, cost-performance receives harsh evaluation compared to recent high-performance, low-cost products. However, as the only company handling both instruments and audio, they remain an attractive choice for users who deeply love music.
Zu Audio
Established in 2000, this American speaker manufacturer based in Ogden, Utah, adheres to their belief in high-efficiency full-range drivers. While their unique acoustic design based on founder Sean Casey's 20-year research and commitment to handcrafted manufacturing is praiseworthy, the sound quality effects are largely subjective, with limited objective advantages justifying the price. They have devoted support among specific enthusiasts who prefer high efficiency, but they are not for everyone.
dCS
The pinnacle of British digital audio technology. Armed with proprietary FPGA-based 'Ring DAC™' technology, dCS continuously pushes the limits of measured performance. Their sound represents the crystallization of engineering dedicated to achieving the most faithful reproduction possible to master sources. However, the astronomical cost of achieving this exceptional performance results in zero cost-performance evaluation, as equivalent measured performance exists at 1/30th the price.
iBasso
A capable manufacturer leading China's portable audio market. Particularly highly regarded for digital audio players (DAPs), known for their pursuit of sound quality through adoption of advanced DAC chips and replaceable amplifier card designs. They achieve excellent measured performance and build quality at relatively affordable prices, positioning themselves as a strong rival to FiiO and Astell&Kern. While basic product performance is high, cost-performance calculations show score limitations due to the existence of cheaper alternatives.
iFi Audio
A distinctive British brand that redefines 'musical enjoyment,' diverging from measurement-supremacist approaches to pursue a unique 'iFi sound' through Burr-Brown DAC chips and analog circuitry. Diverse acoustic correction features like XBass+ and 3D+ serve as tools to enrich listening experiences. However, this philosophy conflicts with the objectivity and fidelity standards defined by our policy, resulting in extremely low cost-performance ratings. A choice for users who prioritize feeling over data.